International Journal of Economics and Society
International Journal of Economics and Society (IJES) is a peer-reviewed open access journal dedicated to advancing knowledge in the fields of economics, management, international relations, and social sciences. ISSN 2376-3973 (print) ISSN 2377-8881 (online) Open Access Policy: All articles published in International Journal of Economics and Society (IJES) are freely available online immediately upon publication. The journal applies the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. Editorial Leadership: Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Michelle Garcia Executive Editor: Dr. Katya Hack Publisher: NGO Youth For Global Progress (YGP), Memphis, Tennessee, USA
All articles published in the International Journal of Economics and Society (IJES) are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are properly credited.
Information systems and their role in the innovative management of economic processes in foreign economic activity
The article investigates the transformative role of Information Systems (IS) in the management of foreign economic activity (FEA). As international trade becomes increasingly complex and data-driven, the ability to effectively manage information flows determines the competitive position of an enterprise. The study analyzes the theoretical foundations and practical applications of digital tools, ranging from ERP systems to Blockchain and AI analytics. Using bibliometric analysis and process modeling, the author proposes a classification of IS based on their strategic impact: transactional, managerial, and strategic. The paper introduces the concept of an Integrated Digital Ecosystem for FEA (IDE-FEA), a model that unifies internal operations with external global stakeholders (customs, logistics, banks). The results demonstrate that implementing such ecosystems allows for a shift from reactive to proactive innovative management, significantly reducing operational risks and enhancing decision-making efficiency. The findings offer a practical roadmap for enterprises aiming to modernize their foreign economic strategies in the Industry 4.0 era
Copyright (c) 2024 Dmytro Vasylkivskyi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of information and analytical technologies in the risk management system and ensuring the economic security of customs authorities
This article investigates the role of information and analytical technologies in enhancing the risk management system (RMS) of customs authorities to ensure economic security. In the context of growing global trade volumes and emerging security threats, traditional control methods are proving insufficient. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, including systems analysis and functional modeling, to evaluate the impact of digital tools on customs efficiency. The authors analyze the evolution of customs technologies from basic digitization to intelligent analytics. A novel integrated model, the "Intelligent Customs Security Shield" (ICSS), is proposed, which utilizes Artificial Intelligence and machine learning to create a dynamic, self-learning risk assessment environment. The results demonstrate that the transition to this data-driven model significantly reduces false positives, optimizes resource allocation, and improves the detection of fiscal and security violations. The study concludes that advanced analytical technologies are a critical prerequisite for balancing trade facilitation with robust economic security
Copyright (c) 2025 Dmytro Vasylkivskyi, Matlab Mahmudov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital information and analytical technologies in customs procedures as a factor in improving the efficiency of international logistics
The article examines the role of digital information and analytical technologies in enhancing the efficiency of customs procedures and their impact on international logistics performance. The study integrates theoretical, analytical, and empirical approaches to evaluate how electronic declaration systems, automated risk-management tools, big data analytics, and integrated communication platforms transform customs operations. The results demonstrate that digitalization significantly accelerates customs clearance, reduces administrative burdens, improves supply chain visibility, and strengthens coordination among logistics stakeholders. Case studies of leading digital customs administrations, including Singapore, Estonia, and South Korea, confirm that advanced digital tools generate measurable improvements in clearance times and logistics predictability. At the same time, the research identifies several challenges–such as interoperability gaps, cybersecurity risks, and regulatory constraints–that limit the full realization of digital transformation benefits. The findings underscore the strategic importance of continuous modernization and international cooperation in developing resilient customs ecosystems capable of supporting efficient global supply chains.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dmytro Vasylkivskyi, Mir Faraj Abasov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multi-level system for planning the improvement of the logistical potential of an enterprise
The article substantiates a multi-level system for planning the improvement of the logistical potential of an enterprise, aimed at overcoming the disconnect between strategic vision and operational logistics execution. The research methodology decomposes the planning process into five logically integrated stages: forecasting, optimal variant selection, strategic planning, tactical program development, and budgeting coupled with control. A fundamental distinction is drawn between three-vector forecasting and long-term planning, utilizing gap analysis to precisely define the desired future state of logistical capabilities. The study moves beyond the binary separation of strategic and operative management, proposing a continuous hierarchy that aligns functional logistics plans – such as infrastructure modernization and inventory management with long-term market trends. A closed-loop feedback mechanism is substantiated to monitor deviations and dynamically adjust development trajectories. This system provides a comprehensive toolkit for ensuring that daily logistical operations actively contribute to the systematic enhancement of enterprise potential.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sergii Vyshniuk, Halyna Skyba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formation of a mechanism for developing the economic potential of enterprises in the context of digital transformation and post-war reconstruction of Ukraine's economy
The article substantiates a mechanism for the development of the economic potential of the enterprise under conditions of digital transformation and post-war recovery of Ukraine. The research clarifies the essence and structure of economic potential and interprets it as a dynamic combination of production, financial, human, innovation, digital and organizational components. An integrated system of indicators and a fuzzy-logic model are developed to diagnose the state of these components, identify structural imbalances and classify enterprises into development trajectories: active growth, adaptive development, compensatory stabilization or conservative survival. Particular attention is paid to the digital component as a cross-cutting factor that reinforces all elements of economic potential and increases resilience to war-related shocks. A multi-level mechanism is proposed that combines enterprise-level diagnostics and fuzzy modeling with meso- and macro-level instruments of digitalization and SME support policy, providing a practical toolkit for aligning internal development strategies with national post-war recovery priorities.​
Copyright (c) 2025 Vitalii Vyshniuk, Halyna Skyba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
How social workers demonstrate respect for elderly clients
Although respect is a crucial aspect of social work practice, few studies have examined how social workers convey their respect for elderly clients. This study explored the various forms of respect demonstrated by social workers when they were with older clients. Fifty social workers serving elderly clients were surveyed by a questionnaire with closed- and open-ended questions. Based on data on the way the social workers respected their elderly clients, the study identified seven forms most frequently practiced and considered most important. They are linguistic respect, care respect, acquiescent respect, salutatory respect, presentational respect, spatial respect, and consultative respect. The key expressions of these forms are introduced in quantitative data and a narrative form. This finding provides insights as to how social workers exhibit respect for elderly clients in their practice. The results of this exploration may be useful in developing a more comprehensive typology of the forms signifying respect for elderly clients
Copyright (c) 2024 Kyu-Taik Sung, Ruth E. Dunkle (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Causality in philosophy of science: from Hume to today
This study investigates one of the basic concepts of science: Causality. It presents an historical perspective of the concept from Hume to today. Our exploration of the terms cause, effect and causality begins with Hume and with contributions of Kant. As a second part, the place of causality in the philosophy of science is examined. The discussion of the concept together with the concepts of determinism, probability, functional relation and uncertainty principle have been taken into account from the standpoint of modern science
Copyright (c) 2024 Jeffrey Tiger (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Philosophy of science, with special consideration given to behaviorism as the philosophy of the science of behavior
The philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy that critically examines the foundations, assumptions, methods, products, and implications of the activity called science. The present sketch reviews the historical development of the philosophy of science, representative individuals in the field, and topics of longstanding interest. The sketch is intended to prepare readers for subsequent discussions on behaviorism, cognitive psychology, and the meaning of mental terms
Copyright (c) 2024 John C. Moore (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of credit spread fluctuations on portfolio value
Banks criticize Basel accords for potential double counting of the same risks in calculation methods of minimum required capital. These risks should be isolated from each other for accurate measurement of regulatory capital. The purpose of this paper is to isolate credit spread risk from interest rate risk and analyze the impact of pure credit spread fluctuations on portfolio value. Different scenarios are simulated by using Monte Carlo simulation method. The model is built in Excel and Visual Basic for Applications. The results show that coupon rates and credit spread deviations have an impact on the average and the standard deviation of portfolio value which makes them among the majors factors in assigning bond weights. Besides, the interest rate component that reduces the fluctuations in standard deviation should also be taken into consideration in assigning the weights
Copyright (c) 2024 Agil Kerimov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of regional model of Ukraine
The current socio-economic situation of regions of Ukraine The reasons for disparities in socio-economic development of regions. Priorities and directions of development of the regions of Ukraine. The models of further development of each region depending on the chosen development strategy
Copyright (c) 2024 Olga Shulga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An econometric analysis of non-oil exports and economic growthin Nigeria
This study examines the linkage between economic growth and non-oil export dynamics in Nigeria using time series data over the period 1970-2014 and employing a simultaneous equation approach. The data sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin of various issues were analyzed using the co-integration and error-correction model techniques. The estimation of the model takes into consideration the issue of spurious correlation (arising from unit root in macro variables) as well as the problem of simultaneity bias. It was found out that an increase in the level of per capita income resulting from efficient labour force rate implies increase in productivity, leading to increase and improvement of industrial output. Among the policy recommendations is the need for the Nigerian government to formulate and implement policies that will further develop and boost investment in the industrial sector
Copyright (c) 2024 Onyinye O. Mgbemena, Kalu Chris U (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Methods of tax control implementation in Ukraine and areas of their improvement
The paper deals with the necessity of a tax control, methods of its implementation under the Tax Code of Ukraine, the content of each component and the detailed procedure of tax audits as one of the leading forms of tax control. The author also gives recommendations regarding the improvement of tax control methods in terms of European integration. In the paper author states, that tax inspection is a form of tax control, carried out by supervisory authorities in order to establish the correct calculation, completeness and timeliness of payment of taxes and fees. The experience of European countries shows that the tax office helps taxpayers determine the list of taxes and duties that they must pay, and not define themselves according to the TCU as it is in Ukraine, which does not allow the imposition of fines and financial sanctions because of law ignorance
Copyright (c) 2024 Vadym Pukhalskyi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Some political aspects of the state strategy for the development of education in the Azerbaijan republic
The paper states, that there are two necessary targets in the appointment of the first political direction, one of them is creating educational content based on skills and the other is the development of the curriculum at all levels such kinds of pre-school, general, the first vocational, secondary and higher education and the second target is about modernization of human resources in the field of education, the use of innovative teaching methods and the effective learning of the content of education. Author clarifies, that there’re some needs of the development of human capital in the education system to meet the challenges of the new steps, the compatibility of the indicators of quality of education to the European standards and all of them have become the adaptation of State Strategy for the Development of Education in the Republic of Azerbaijan to a necessity
Copyright (c) 2024 Habil Hamidov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socio-economic determinants of academic performances in Aguada local government area, Anambra state
Education is regarded as the greatest investment that any nation can make for the development of its human and material resources. This paper investigated the socio - economic determinants of academic performance in Aguata local government area, Anambra state. The study made use of a qualitative response regression model to analyze the participant’s responses obtained through a well-structured questionnaire. The study presents some interesting findings. The ML-Binary logit estimation results show that parental income (PI); number of hours of study (NHS); parent educational achievement (PEA) and power supply (PS) have positive and significant impact on student’s academic performance (AP), family size (FS) has a negative and significant impact on student’s academic performance (AP) whereas residential area (RA) has positive and insignificant impact on academic performance. The correlation results show that all the variables except family size are positively correlated with student’s academic performance. The study therefore recommends that since parental income is a very important variable which influences student’s academic performance; government employment initiatives should be strengthened while those that are not effective should be reviewed. Government’s effort to boost power supply should be intensified beyond mere transfer of ownership to the private sector. Epileptic power supply does not augur well with the academic performances of students as the finding of this study has shown
Copyright (c) 2025 Kenneth U Nnadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Monumental art and protection of monuments as an instrument for national identity formation
The place and role of monumental art and protection of monuments in the national identity formation are determined in the article. The evolution of monumental art in the historical and contemporary context is studied. The characteristics of monumental art as the political symbolic are defined. It shows that monuments and memorials have always been considered as a propaganda tool of the ruling political system ideas. The main factors for their enormous potential influence on the collective conscious are outlined. The important role of protection of monuments in the public policy of identity is emphasized
Copyright (c) 2025 Eugene Pelevin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The necessity of the classification of tax control is considered, a review of existing classifications is carried outand thesystematic approach to the classification of tax control is defined. By the quantitative composition of tax control the individual and collective tax control can be identified. It is appropriate to classify the tax control depending on subject and object of control because it manifests itself differently in them. Author suggests to involve the use of various methods of tax control by its subject including the need to highlight the record tax revenues, checking the legality of the use of tax incentives, the use of indirect methods of tax control (inspections of manufacturing, warehouse, commercial and other premises used for obtaining income or related with the obtaining of other objects of taxation) and others
Copyright (c) 2025 Vadym Pukhalskyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Multiculturalism policy in Azerbaijan in personality, education,law and local legislation context
The problems of formation of national and cultural multicultural values in the process of upbringing of a personality in the context of international rights and Azerbaijan legislation are analyzed in this article. The author tries to reveal problems within the framework of holy Guran, in relevant conventions of UNO, in the Constitution of Azerbaijan Republic, in the Decrees of the President, in different Acts of the Constitution of Azerbaijan Republic, in Decrees and Resolutions, as well as in Laws about Culture and Education
Copyright (c) 2025 Habil Hamidov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The sources to analyze the interaction between the socio-political organizations and authorities
The article is devoted to the sources and its characterization while studying the interaction of the social and political organizations with the authorities in the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian empire in 1905-1917. According to the modern classification the existing source base can be divided into six groups: normative legal documents, record keeping documentation, periodicals, and statistical data, documents of personal origin and agitation and propaganda literature. The paper describes each of the aforementioned groups of the sources, the conclusions of the possibility and expediency of their use in the study of the organized society and government interaction are made. In general, the analysis of the sources enables to determine the causes of the social and political organizations emergence, to reveal some aspects of the organizations program fundamentals, especially related to the evolution of their attitude to the government; to clarify and in some cases to determine the emergence time of the public organizations centers in Ukraine, its quantity, number, social, ethnic, age-related and party structure; to describe practical and propaganda activities, the legal basis for the functioning of the unions and associations in the Russian Empire, to consider the repression and restriction of the opposition organizations activities etc. However, sources makes it difficult to conduct accurate quantitative calculating of the majority indicators of social and political organizations
Copyright (c) 2025 Vyacheslav Magas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Patterns of socio-economic exclusion in contemporary society
The article is devoted to actual topics of national development - the mapping and characterization of the phenomenal for today's phenomenon - social exclusion in terms of economic transformation. The paper interpreted the concept of "economic and social exclusion", "socio-economic inclusion", is their retrospective analysis, as well as derivatives of these categories and processes, justified the author's position on the causes of its origin, contents and possible ways to eliminate it. Reasoned application of a comprehensive interpretation of the concept of "social and economic exclusion" since this phenomenon has the opposite effect on people who need to be part of the group: blocked their cognitive abilities and leveled owners "independent self-concept." The methods for measuring the socio-economic exclusion (the accumulation of deprivation). The study made it possible to identify the percentage of social and economic exclusion, as well as an index of social exclusion. The author calculated the intensity of social and economic exclusion as the ratio of the number of seized for a given period to the average number of social and economic benefits that can provide a country
Copyright (c) 2025 Ganna Likhonosova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Interregional convergence and divergence in the innovation-driven economy: evidence from South Korea
This study examines interregional disparities in South Korea. The research methodology is based on neo-classical convergence analysis: 1) β-analysis implies examining the correlation between average yearly growth rate of a respective indicator and its initial level; 2) σ-analysis implies examining the indicator’s variance during the analyzed period. Interregional disparities are analyzed with regard to gross regional product per capita, gross regional income per capita, individual income per capita, and private consumption per capita. The empirical evidence indicates a high correlation for β-convergence in individual income per capita. Variance analysis indicates that during 2005-2013 gross regional product per capita demonstrated σ-divergence while gross regional income per capita, individual income per capita and private consumption per capita demonstrated σ-convergence in South Korea. Overall the conclusions of this study support the idea that the innovation-driven economy is favorable for interregional convergence
Copyright (c) 2025 Mykhailo Y. Kryvoruchko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Analysıs of the sustaınabılıty ındıcators of socıo-economıc development ın Azerbaıjan by multı-dımensıonal statıstıcal methods
In article the analysis of sustainability of the socio-economic development of the Republic of Azerbaijan by the method of the main component is carried out. The method of the main component is one of the most commonly used factor analysis methods. Application of this method has allowed to decrease of number of indicators and to reveal the major factors influencing economic growth and socio-economic development of the country for period 2000-2013. The current situation of socio-economic development in Azerbaijan is analysed and recommendations for improvements put forward in this article
Copyright (c) 2025 R.K.Isgənderov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Remittances inflows and monetary policy in Nigeria
This study examined the relationship and causality between remittances inflows and monetary policy aggregates, interest rate, and the domestic price level in Nigeria. The Johansen co-integration and the Granger causality tests techniques were employed. The co-integration test results showed evidence of long run relationship among the variables. The causality test results revealed a unidirectional causality running from money supply (LM2) to remittances (LREM) only at lag one. Unidirectional causality run from interest rate (INT) to LREM, occurring from lag one to lag three. There was no evidence of causality in any direction between inflation rate (INF) and LREM
Copyright (c) 2024 Augustine C. Osigwe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Mechanism of financial support of innovation activities in Ukraine
The article deals with the mechanism of financial support of innovation activities in Ukraine. It offers a definition of the system of financing of the innovation activities and characterizes its main components, namely, objects of financing, state institutions and foundations of the national, regional and municipal importance and non-governmental agents. The author analyzes forms of state financing of innovation activities (direct and indirect methods of financial stimulation). The main problems of innovation companies regarding the access to finances are identified. The article deals with specificities of functioning of joint investment institutes and effectiveness of investing of venture capitals in the innovation activity in Ukraine. The author made an analysis of the specific weight of sources of innovations financing in 2013 – 2014 and offered proposals regarding improvement of the use of methods and means of Ukraine’s innovation activities financing
Copyright (c) 2024 Iryna Fedyshyn, Yaryna Pylypyuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Government policy to support the agricultural sector of Ukraine: dynamics, problems and structural transformation
In the paper the analysis of the total volume and level of agricultural support of Ukraine during the period from 1995 to 2012, producers` and consumers` support levels of agricultural products, general services in agriculture using the methodology and data base of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD is conducted. Author has identified weaknesses in government policy of the farmers` support, among which unsystematic and inconsistent government measures are considered, the inability of the state to provide support market prices. It is noted that manufacturer support is mainly due to the consumers. Thus consumers are taxed to a greater extent than producers are supported, suggesting the existence of social losses
Copyright (c) 2024 Tetiana Kulakovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The analyze of the spirituality scientific approaches studying
In the article features of the development of knowledge about the spiritual phenomenon is analyzed in correlation with the logic of the scientific thinking progress. The retrospective analyze is carried out to estimate this phenomenon taking into account the scientific rationality type (classical, nonclassical, post-classical,post-nonclassical). The corresponding methodological approaches to the spirituality studying arefollowing: naturalistic, metaphysic, socio-philosophical, spiritually-anthropological and noological. In the paper is established that the idea of the spirituality had appear with the efforts to realize an human essence, her life sense, self-cognition and self-realization problems. Spiritual sources, understanding and interpretation isexamine in the approaches.The following characteristics of the naturalism is determined: the absence of the break between natural and spiritual and consideration of the nature as unique universal principle to explain all existing, moreover, the spiritual life is high-quality identified with the natural phenomena. The metaphysical spiritual interpretation is the orientation to the absolute transcendental values, not directly linked with in-converting human activity but belonged to the absolute spirit sphere. In the socio-philosophical approach,the nature and Spirit absolute essences are erected to the sociocultural realities. The spirituality-anthropological interpretation of the spirituality carried out in the context of the fundamental choice problem. In noological approach, the problem of great importance is the harmonic combination of the spirit-soul-body human constitution structuralness and measures
Copyright (c) 2024 Jaroslava Buherko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Iplementation stages for steady economic security at industrial enterprise
The article deals with the comprehensive research of defining such notions as venture economic security. The author formed the implementation stages for steady economic security at an industrial enterprise. It is stated, that steady economic security has to contain both a set of measures and the system of their implementation and control that will facilitate obtaining of the highest level of venture’s economic security during the current period and in prospect. The organizational & economic mechanism requires the formation of implementation stages, determination of conditions and elaboration of means
steady economic security of an enterprise
Copyright (c) 2024 Iryna Shevchuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sociocultural environment as factor of student’s motivation establishment at the university
This paper reports on a qualitative study of students’ sociocultural enviroment aimed at prompting student motivation in processes of scientific inquiry. In order to demonstrate how importamt is socio-cultrual enviroment we provide detailed analyses of students’ interaction processes. The analyses of student`s sociocultural enviroment deepen this finding and show that instead of participating inreflection activities, the students make use of these ‘copy and paste’ strategies and it is hard to cosider this as motivation. Further, the analyses indicate that the students’ employment of these strategies can be seen as a response to what can be termed the institutional practices of schooling embedded within the design of the prompts. These findings are discussed and explored in accordance with findings from previous studies on prompting students’ reflection in Web-based inquiry environments. The study demonstrates the value of a socio-cultural perspective for gaining a deeper understanding of students’ engagement with Web-based learning environments. Such a perspective can give valuable insight into how to (re)design prompts, and how prompts can be productive parts of students’ learning
Copyright (c) 2023 Justin Frame https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The evaluation methods of an enterprise economic potential
The evaluation methods of an enterprise economic potential improvement are suggested in the article, which allow determining not just the present state of an enterprise development for the time of the research but they also give opportunity to define the main directions of the strategic goals and priorities needed for improvement of enterprise efficiency. It is noted that the economic potential of an industrial enterprise, as integrity, consists of interdependent parts with their contribution to the performance of the whole. Author suggests that besides discovering elements of economic potential, it's also necessary to appreciate the change of the similar elements with time
Copyright (c) 2023 Sean Davidson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Teoretical and methodological principles of information society human capital development
Under conditions of information society development more and more attention is paid to the human capital conception research and its investments efficiency determination, because a high level of individual capabilities, which were created in the process of investing, provides a worker competitiveness, flexibility and realization in economic activity, stimulates subsequent development and self-perfection under conditions of the information society formation The development of the concept «human capital», basic approaches to its determination and modern development features in domestic and foreign scientists’ research works are researched in the article. The process of a human capital formation is analyzed, general and excellent lines with contiguous concepts are selected
Copyright (c) 2023 Olga Podra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Pedagogical conditions of teachers’ self-education competence development in the in-service education
This paper presents leading pedagogical conditions of teachers’ self-educational competence in the in-service education; reveals the essence and importance of teaching portfolio as a means of teachers’ self-educational competence development. Author states, that analysis of scientific sources, legal acts, results of teacher’s training for self education practice in terms of in-service education point out the existence of contradiction. The paper emphasizes, that as far work with the portfolio promotes self-reflection and increase the level of self-development than and effectiveness of self-education is increased. The effectiveness of the self-education is largely depended on the conditions and their management, teachers’ stimulation, those are: willingness, teacher’s desire to be engaged in self-education
Copyright (c) 2023 Maryna Kyryliuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/